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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist impulses. It's still better than was expected. The country is seeking a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors and as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. But there are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground. Origins In the early days the ancestors of the today's Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. These people formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron tools. They also traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan along with art styles, a written language, and papermaking. Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the majority of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens, and often required them to serve in the army or participate in government projects such as building fortifications. At the close of this period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje took on Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obedient to everyone and admired by even their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, a country which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the shapes created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was first recorded. Evolution in Korea The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form cist graves paved with stone, with valuable items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, made of enormous single stones, are also common throughout the country. Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was ruled by several states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a proper Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea is entering a post-crisis period, its development paradigm seems to be changing. The people who are affronted by the huge cost of the old system are urging a thorough program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand, people who support the old system try to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, as well as by exaggerating fears about possible job loss. The academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two developments are driving Koreas development towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article examines developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution: democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies key factors that seem to be influencing these developments. 에볼루션코리아 in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey showed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs; and 17 percent said they did not understand it. This level of disbelief is similar to the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from earlier types of life. In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea focused primarily on teaching students and in bringing Christ to them. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. The event attracted a large audience of scientists, professors, and church leaders. The event's success led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also was well-received by the public. KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group published its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country at universities and churches. A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured funding to construct a small museum dedicated to creation on campus. In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers subjects that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also established branches in local offices that host seminars and talks to schoolchildren and community groups. Changes in South Korea In the late 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. During this period, the famous samulnori or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers as well as other instruments. Korea's new development model is being created in the wake of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also requires altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje was founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border. The decline of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He ruled a portion of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo. The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the central government system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.